He aha te mea tawhito He aha ngā āhuatanga ōrite o te iwi Tiamana ki te hoahoanga o ngā whare karakia o ngā wā o mua?
A he aha te mahi He aha te pānga o ngā poupou rere ki ngā pakiwaitara whakamataku?
I te pae hopea, he aha te pānga o tēnei ki te rīpene ngutu pango me te wero tinana?
Kōti. Kōti. He aha te tikanga o aua kupu, ā, he aha te hononga e pā ana ki a rātou? Nō reira, kia rapu tātou.
Te wahi tuatahi Ka tīmata te panga me ngā GOTHS, he iwi Tiamana i whakahuatia e ngā Kariki i te rautau 4 BC. E mōhio ana tātou ki a rātou, ko te rōpū i pahua i a Rōma i muri i te 700 tau, i te tau 410 AD.
Mō te tohu tuarua, peke atu ki te rautau 11 me te 12, i muri roa i te hinganga o Rōma, i te wā i puta ake ai tētahi momo hoahoanga hou — e whakaatu ana i ngā āwhata koi, ngā tuanui teitei, me ngā poupou rere — i Ūropi ki te Hauāuru. Nā taua hoahoa i arahi ki ngā whare rangatira me ngā whare karakia nui o te wā o mua. 
Ahakoa i tēnei rā e kiia ana e mātou te momo kāhua he GOTHIC, i taua wā i huaina ko "French Work" nā te mea i ahu mai i Parani.
Engari peke inaianei ki te tau 1453 me te hinganga o te toenga rawhiti o te Emepaea Romana ki ngā Ottomans. I peia atu e te hinganga o Constantinople, ka rere ngā tohunga Kariki ki te Hauāuru, me te mau i ngā tuhinga a ngā Kariki me ngā Rōmana onamata.
He whānui te pānui puta noa i Ūropi, he whakakitenga ngā tuhinga tawhito, i whakaoho i te whānautanga anō — e kiia nei e tātou ko te Renaissance — i roto i ngā peka katoa o te ahurea, tae atu ki te hoahoanga. Ko te momo Kariki-Rōmana tawhito, me ōna pou me ōna tuanui me ngā āhua huatau, i tino rongonui.
Ka aha aua whare karakia me ngā whare rangatira whakahīhī? Kāore i te tino whakahīhī. Ahakoa he tawhito, he tawhito hoki, i honoa rātou ki tētahi hītori pōuri, nanakia. Mai i te "nanakia" he peke poto noa iho i roto i te whakaaro me te reo ki ngā "nanakia" i whakangaro i te ao tawhito o Rōma - ngā Goth. Nō reira i tae atu ai mātou ki te hoahoanga GOTHIC.
Te tohu tuatoru ka haria tātou ki te tau 1764, i te wā i whakaputaina ai e Horace Walpole Te Kāreti o Otranto: He Kōrero GothicKo te pukapuka — i whakatakotoria i roto i tētahi pā pōuri, whakamataku, me ngā whare herehere, ngā ara ngaro, ngā huānga tipua ngaro, me tētahi kōtiro e pāngia ana — i tino angitu, ā, i puta mai ai tētahi momo whakamataku hou.
I roto i nga tau, i whai ake ngā momo mahi rite: Frankenstein, Hunchback o Notre Dame, Dracula, Te Hinganga o te Whare o Usher, a Tuhinga o mua kei roto i ngā mea tino rongonui. He wāhi pōuri, whakamataku hoki ēnei katoa — he whare rangatira kino, he whare mōneka, he whare mōneka, he whare rangatira tawhito rānei — i whakamahara mai i te hoahoanga taumaha o ngā tau waenga i mōhiotia i taua wā ko te Gothic. Nō reira ka tae tātou ki te pukapuka GOTHIC.
Nā te haere noa, kua neke atu te aro o ngā pakiwaitara Gothic mai i ngā tautuhinga pōuri ki ngā mea hanga kei te ngākau o ngā kōrero — ngā taniwha, ngā kehua, ngā kehua, me ngā vampire — ki ngā kiripuaki tangata pōuri, pouri, i ētahi wā he kino.
Ko te 4 me te whakamutunga I puta te wāhanga o te panga i te tau 1979, te tau i tukuna ai e te roopu post-punk a Bauhaus te "Bela Lugoi's Dead." E pā ana te waiata ki te kiriata o te tau 1931. Dracula me tō rātou whetu Hanekari, a Bela Lugosi. E kiia ana ko Bauhaus me ētahi atu roopu puoro post-punk nā rātou i whakaoho te ahurea huna — he kākahu pango, he whao, he ngutu, me te eyeliner — he rite ki te pakiwaitara Gothic. He GOTH, e hoa.
Na konei tatou: kua neke tātou mai i te GOTHS ki te GOTHIC ki te GOTHIC ki te GOTH. Ā, e 2,300 tau noa iho te roa.
Ā MURI? Ka kōrero tātou mō te pukapuka Gothic o te rautau 21. Kia mataara mai.
Te whakamārama tuhinga he mahi wairangi pea; tirohia noa ngā arotake pukapuka i roto i ngā nūpepa nui o ia rā—i ngā arotake a ngā kiritaki rānei i runga i a Amazon. Ahakoa ngā karapu pukapuka, ka taea e rātou te whakamātau i ngā momo huarahi pānui i ngā kupu kotahi.
Ahakoa rā, ki te mea i ako tātou tetahi mea mai i te Post Modernism, ko te korenga o ngā kupu e herea ki te tikanga kotahi ... koia te take i tino harikoa ai te kite i tēnei kōrero nā Margaret Atwood.
Kāore au i te pai ki te whakamārama i aku mahi. Mēnā ka whakaratohia e au tētahi, ka waiho hei whakamāramatanga tuturu, ka ārai i ngā kaipānui ki te kimi i ā rātou ake tikanga..
Kōrerohia te ngākau mahaki. E whakaae ana a Atwood ahakoa ka whakamahia e te kaituhi te mana katoa ki te kaupapa me ngā kiripuaki, kāore i a ia te mana whakahaere pērā i ana kaipānui.
Me noho noa te hunga pānui, te āhua nei e kī ana ia, kia wehea ngā tikanga i āna ake. Ko te tikanga o tēnā he wehe atu i ētahi atu kaipānui anō hoki—tērā pea he rite tonu te tika o ō rātou whakaaro katoa.
Kupu whakatūpatoKo te kupu mahi i roto i te rerenga kōrero i runga ake nei ko "may"—he whakamaoritanga kē atu kia kia ōrite te tika—arā, kāore tātou e wātea ki te haere atu i te rāhui me te pupuhi i tetahi mea e neke ana. Me tautoko ngā whakamāramatanga e ngā taunakitanga i roto i te tuhinga, ā, me rite ki te tikanga whānui o te mahi. 
I etahi atu kupu, he tino rite te "Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening" a Robert Frost NOT mō Hāta Karau(I mua, i tohe tonu tētahi tauira ki te pērā—i pohehe rātou he mea tūturu te parodi tuhituhi.)
Mahia ngā mea ngaro ā, he pai ngā pukapuka whakahihiri hei pānui i roto i ngā karapu pukapuka? He mea nui ake, ka arahi rānei ēnei ki ngā kōrero pai?
Haere hikoi mā roto i tētahi rārangi pukapuka tino hokohoko; ka kitea e koe ngā kōrero whakahihiri me ngā kōrero tirotiro i te tihi (i te taha rānei). He pai ki ahau ngā mea ngaro whakahihiri (aroha rātou)! Engari anei taku whakaaro—pānuihia i tō wā ake. Kāore e tino whakaohooho ana i ngā kōrerorero karapu pukapuka pai, nā te mea he poto te whanaketanga o ngā kiripuaki...ā, ko te kōrerorero mō te kaupapa ka mutu ki "he aha tāu i mōhio ai, ā, nōnahea koe i mōhio ai?"
he, ko ngā tūponotanga. He maha ngā kaituhi o nā tata nei kua peke atu i te momo pukapuka ... kua nekehia te pakiwaitara ngaro/hara whakahihiri ki roto i te "pūrākau pakiwaitara." He aha te tikanga o tēnā?
Ina kōrero ngā kairīti pērā i tērā mō tētahi pūrākau taihara—ina koa ko Gillian Flynn hou Gone Girl...a Tana French rānei Whanga Pakaru—e kōrero ana rātou mō ngā tuhinga whakamiharo, he maha ngā wā he whakakatakata; te whanaketanga pakari o te āhua; me te tūhuratanga o ngā ariā rapunga whakaaro. Kate atkinson ko tētahi atu kaituhi nāna i nuku te momo tuhituhi ki te taumata tiketike.
Te tokotoru—Ehara i te mea he kaituhi whakahihiri pai noa iho a Flynn, French, rāua ko Atkinson…kua tohua rātou hei kaituhi e tūhura hohonu ana i te āhua o te tangata, te hihiri, te pānga o te wā o mua ki tēnei wā, me te āhua o te pai me te kino. Ka āwhina rātou i a tātou ki te whakaaroaro i ō tātou ake whanaungatanga, tae atu ki ngā kōwhiringa kāore e taea te pupuri e homai ana e te ao ki a tātou i ētahi wā. Arā, ka hangaia tātou e rātou whakaaro...ā, mā te whakaaro ka pai ake ngā kōrero pukapuka!
Tuhinga o mua Ki te pai te tuhituhi, e rua atu ngā whakaritenga mō ngā pukapuka ngaro/whakahihiri nui:
- Me tuku mārire te kaituhi i te rārangi, me te mōhio tonu ki te wā e pupuri ai—me te wā e tuku ai—ngā kōrero. He tikanga kōrero tēnei e mōhiotia ana ko te "whakakitenga whakaroa,"—ko ngā mea ngaro e whakawhirinaki ana ki tēnei; koia tonu te āhuatanga matua.Tirohia te Akoranga 6 i runga i te Kaupapa.)
- Me huna ngā tohu kia kitea noa - engari kia tino mōhiotia kia kore ai e kitea e te kaipānui. Ka tū ngā mea ngaro nui ki te pānui anō, ā, ko reira anake ka whakakitea te pēhea, te wā, me te wāhi i huna ai e te kaituhi ngā tohu.
Ki te kore tētahi o aua whakaritenga e tutuki, ka huri te kōrero hei mea e taea te matapae, ka ngaro te āhuatanga ohorere—koinei tonu te mea e tino whakamīharo ai ngā mea ngaro me ngā mea whakahihiri.
Kua kite koe ngā pakiwaituhi e kōrero ana ngā kiripuaki i tētahi mea—engari he rerekē ā rātou whakaaro. He rite tonu te hiahia o te kaituhi ki tēnā.
Contemporary he whakahē te ariā tuhituhi i te whakaaro ko ngā kaituhi mea te tikanga o te kupu—nā te mea kāore ngā kupu o te whārangi e tautoko i te tikanga e hiahiatia ana. Mēnā rānei, ka kitea e ngā kaipānui ētahi atu tikanga kāore i whakaarohia e ngā kaituhi.
Anei tētahi uiuinga me Peter Carey*, kaituhi o Kākā rāua ko Olivier i Amerika a Oscar rāua ko Lucinda. I pātai tētahi o te hunga mātakitaki ki a Carey mō tētahi wāhanga o te pukapuka whakamutunga i whakamahara i a ia ki a Adam e whakamātau ana i te HUA I RĀHUIA.
Tenei Te whakautu a Carey:
Ki taku whakaaro, he tino pai tō momo pānui, ā, he tino rite ki te pukapuka, ā, ki taku whakaaro anō hoki. heoi kāore i puta ake i roto i ahau.
Na i mea ia…
Nō reira, ehara i te mea whakamiharo tēnei mō te tuhituhi? Ka tino whai hua anake ina pānuihia e te kaipānui, nā te mea tae noa ki taua wā…he kupu noa iho i runga i te whārangi…. Ka kawea mai e te katoa ō rātou ake oranga, ō rātou ake wheako, ō rātou ake hinengaro… kātahi ka hangaia he pukapuka! Ā, koinei te mea whakamiharo o te tuhituhi.
Kaore tetahi i taea e koe te kī pai ake. Ka taea e koe te whakarongo ki te uiuinga katoa mai i tēnei Karapu Pukapuka o te Ao BBC 2003 pāho.
* Ko Carey, he toa takirua ia i te Tohu MAN-BOOKER. Ae, i toa ia i ngā wā e rua—mō Oscar rāua ko Lucinda (1988) me te mō Te Hītori Pono o te Kelly Gang (2000). (Ko JM Coetzee rāua ko Hilary Mantel anake ngā toa e rua.)
Olive Kitteridge i whakaaro ahau mō te tirohanga—ko wai māna e kōrero te pūrākau. Ka neke te pukapuka a Elizabeth Strout mai i tētahi kiripuaki ki tētahi kiripuaki, he tikanga kōrero e hoatu ana i te hohonutanga me te ataahua o tana mahi.
Ka kite tātou i a Oriwa, ehara i te mea ko tana tirohanga anake ki a ia anō, engari ko tana tirohanga hoki ki te hapori. Ko te utu he whakaahua whai rawa atu, he tino uaua ake mō Olive i te mea ko ia anake—ko tētahi atu kaikorero rānei—i kōrero mai i te pūrākau ki a tātou.
Tuhinga o mua, tirohanga rānei, tētahi o ngā whakataunga nui rawa atu mā te kaituhi. Ahakoa ko wai ka korero te korero āhua te korero.
He kēmu itiTangohia ētahi pukapuka pakiwaitara, whakarerekētia ngā kaikorero…ka tirohia te aha ka puta. Whakamātauria tēnei hei mahi karapu pukapuka. Anei ētahi whakaaro hei tīmatanga:
- Ngā toenga o te rāMe pēhea rā mēnā ko Miss Kenton te kaiwhakapuaki i te pūrākau, kaua ko te kaitiaki a Stevens? Ka ngaro i a tātou te whakakatakata nui o tētahi kaikorero kuware. Inaa, mēnā kāore tātou i roto i te hinengaro o Stevens, ka rite ia ki tētahi taniwha aroha kore.
- KirearaMe i tirohia te kōrero mā roto i te tauira tinihanga, kore pono hoki a Jack Boughton, te tama maumau o te kōrero, e kore rawa tātou e whakama i a tātou anō, me Reverend Ames, e whakahē ā-hinengaro ana i tētahi tangata kua hē te mārama ki a ia.
He kōrero anō mō te tirohanga ā muri ake nei. I taua wā tonu tangohia tā mātou Akoranga Lit 8 kore utu te Tirohanga. He mea ngahau…he tere…he whai kōrero hoki.
Ko tētahi o ngā harikoa Ko te kaupapa o te pānui pukapuka ko te hunga e tūtaki ana tātou i roto i ngā uhi o te pukapuka, he auahatanga tuhituhi e peke atu ana i te whārangi ki roto i ō tātou ao. Ko te āhua o te mahi a ngā kaituhi—te āhua o tā rātou whakaora i ō rātou kiripuaki ki a tātou—ko tētahi o ngā mea ngaro nui o te toi.
E mea tonu ana ngā kaituhi ka riro i ā rātou ake kiripuaki ō rātou ake oranga. Anei a Stephen L. Carter (Te Emepara o Ocean Park):
I ētahi wā ka miharo ahau ki ngā raruraru i pā ki aku kiripuaki, me te riri, te whakapehapeha i a rātou e tono mai ana kia tuhia e au he ara hei mawhiti mā rātou. Uiuinga Whare Matapōkere
Ā, anei a Philip Roth me Terry Gross o NPR Fresh Air:
Ka tīmata te mahi makutu, te whakawhitiwhiti i waenganui i te mōhio me te pūmanawa, ā, ka ora ake ā tātou kiripuaki. I te wā tuatahi i pā mai ai tēnei ki ahau, i rite ahau ki tētahi kaituhi tūturu…. I tino tika a Julia Cameron i tana tuhituhi, "Ehara i te mea he tito noa iho engari he whakakore noa iho.". "
Tae noa ki te kaituhi whakaari a Edward Albee (Ko wai e wehi ana i a Virginia Woolf) i te pātaitanga atu mēnā ko āna kiripuaki te kaiwhakahaere i a ia, i kīia kei te ora tonu rātou:
He pai ki ahau te tuku i a rātou kia whakaaro pērā rātou. He mahi tinihanga tēnei mā tātou anō. Kāore rātou i te ora, ā, kāore e taea e rātou te kōrero i tetahi mea mēnā kāore tātou e tuhi mā rātou. Engari he mea harikoa ki a rātou te whakaaro he motuhake rātou. Boston Phoenix
Ehara i te mea ko tēnei katoa te kōrero kāore ngā kaituhi e hiahia ki te whakaaro nui, ki te whakaaroaro nui, mō ō rātou kiripuaki. Kei te hiahia ahau ki te kōrero tonu mō ngā kiripuaki—he aha ngā mea e hiahiatia ana hei hanga i tētahi kiripuaki pai—i roto i tētahi atu pou. Kia mataara mai.
Ngā Whakaaro mō ngā Karapu Pukapuka
- Whakamātauria tā mātou Akoranga Lit 5 kore utu—mō te whakaahuatanga o ngā kiripuaki, me pēhea tā tātou kōrero mō rātou, me pēhea hoki te whakawhanake a ngā kaituhi i a rātou. He poto, he ngahau... ā, he whai kōrero.
- Kōrerohia ētahi o ō tino kiripuaki i roto i te tuhinga. Mō ētahi atu kiripuaki tino pakari rānei o te tuhinga.
E kīia ana ko tātou noho i te wā o te whakatoi—kei roto te whakatoi; kua puta te pono. Ko te mea nui ko te KORE e pono.
He aha te rorirori? Whakaarohia a Seinfeld—"Ahakoa rā…," "Āe…," "Āe, tika tonu"—i kīia katoatia me te piko o te tukemata, me te kimo mōhio. Ko te "tū whakakatakata" ko te wehe kē.
Ka tae ana ki ngā pūrākau pakiwaitara, e aroha ana ngā kaituhi, ngā kairīti, me ngā kaipānui ki te rorirori—ko te mea hou rawa atu, ko tā Jonathan Franzen Whakatikatika, nā Gary Shteyngart He pohehe, a Zadie Smith I runga Ataahua, me tā Helen Fielding Nga Whaitirua HouAhakoa ngā mea rongonui pērā i Tuhinga Whakamoemiti e whakamātauria ana mō tā rātou whakakatakata.
Te waitohu a Jane Austen Ko te āhua o te whakakatakata i ahu mai i tana whakakatakata whakahurihuri, e whakaiti ana i te hanganga akomanga me te noho pai. He momo whakakatakata e rongonui ana i ēnei rā: he momo e whakaatu ana i te tinihanga, e poka ana i ngā kōrero whakahihi, ngā whakapono me ngā umanga kāore e tū ana mō te pono, mō te tikanga rānei.
Engari ko te rorirori tuhituhi he tino uaua rawa atu. Kua roa mai i a Ōtipuha—ko ia te tangata i moe pōhēhē i tōna whaea; e rapu ana i te kaikōhuru o te kīngi, engari ka kitea ko ia anō; ā, ka kite i te "tirohanga" ā-roto ina matapo noa iho.
Ngā kaituhi o Sophocles kua whakamahia e te hunga whakarongo te whakakatakata nā te mea e whai ana i te ora. Ahakoa he maha ngā āhua o te whakakatakata, ko te whakamāramatanga tino noa he mea rerekē i te mea i whakaarohia, i tumanakohia rānei: kua whakaititia te kīngi; kua whakaarahia te tangata e iti ana te mana; kua hē ngā mahere pai rawa atu.
Hei ako atu mō te whakakatakata, tirohia Akoranga Pukapuka 8—i runga i te pakiwaitara poto whakamiharo a Edith Wharton "Roman Fever." He poto, he kore utu, he ngahau hoki ngā akoranga! (Ā, ehara tēnā i te mea whakakatakata.)
Āhea te rōhi ehara i te rōhi? Ina he tohu. He mea hanga ā-tauira ngā tohu tuhituhi a ngā kaituhi? He mea tito noa iho rānei ngā tohu e ngā kaiako reo Pākehā hei whakamamae i ngā ākonga. Tērā pea... engari anei tētahi kōrero poto.
—He Kōrero Poto—
I tuhituhi au i tētahi rotarota mō taku akomanga reo Pākehā mō te ataahua o tētahi rōhi kotahi. Kia mārama koe ina kī atu ahau he koretake tōna reka.
Engari i tohua e te kaiako! He tauira pai rawa atu tēnei, e ai ki tāna, mō te tohu: ko te ataahua o te rōhi kotahi te āhua o tana tirohanga ki āna ākonga. I roto i te rōpū, kāore i tino rerekē mātou, engari i whiwhi takitahi mātou i tētahi ataahua ahurei. E hoa mā, kua tuhia e au tētahi mahi toi rangatira... ā, kāore au i te mōhio..
Taku whakaaweawe nui i ahu mai i tētahi rōhi kirihou iti te utu i piri ki roto i taku pouaka pene, ā, i tūpono noa ahau ki te kite i taua mea i a au e tirotiro haere ana i te rūma. Kāore i kitea te ataahua o te takitahi.
Heoi koinā tonu he aha te kaituhi a William J. Kennedy (Taru rino, 1983) i te riri i tana tuhituhi i roto i te New York Times he mahi kāore e kitea e te pūtake o te auahatanga o te kaituhi...
ka ara ake i tana pukatuhi engari ka ara ake i te wāhanga hohonu o tōna hinengaro kore mohio, e mōhio ana ki ngā mea katoa i ngā wāhi katoa me ngā wā katoa: ko taua pūranga ngaro kua rongoatia i roto i te wairua i te whānautanga, kua whakareihia e ia wā o te ora....
—William Kennedy, “He aha i roa ai te wā,”
New York Times, 5 / 20 / 1990
He mea ngaro te tuhituhi tukanga, ā, he maha ngā wā ka puta ake ngā tohu i te hinengaro kore mohio, e whakaata ana i tētahi mea kua mau i roto i te hinengaro o te kaituhi.
I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, Tērā pea i rite te āhua o te rōhi kotahi nāku ki te mokemoke, ki te tūpuhi hoki. Tērā pea i tuhituhi ahau ka kaha ake tōna kakara hei wāhanga o tētahi putiputi. Engari, e pai ana ahau ki te noho mokemoke, ki te noho tahi rānei me ōku hoa. Ā, ka karohia e au ngā rōpū nui. Nō reira, ahakoa i ahau e taiohi ana, tera pea i pārekareka te rōhi ki te hinengaro.
Nō reira, kāo, ngā kaituhi Kāore i te whakaarohia tonutia ā rātou tohu; he maha ngā wā ka whakaatahia e ngā tohu tetahi mea hohonu i roto i a tātou. Ā, ko ngā kaipānui? Ko ō tātou ake māramatanga ki tētahi mahi ka puea ake i roto i a tātou anō hoki.
Ki te hiahia koe ki te ako atu mō ngā tohu—he aha i whakamahia ai e ngā kaituhi, me pēhea tā rātou whai wāhi ki tētahi mahi pakiwaitara—mātauria tā mātou Akoranga Pukapuka 9He poto, he kore utu, ā, he tino ngahau.